The Evolution of Digital Film - 606 Words

In order for digital film to exist like it does today it had to evolve from something. Digital film evolved from Film or celluloid film as it is originally more recognized. I have a few questions that I wish to cover early on and continue to develop as time goes on. What is digital Cinema and what are the advantages and or disadvantages of it over film. What is film celluloid and where did it originate from ? Why did digital film start ? finally what is next for digital film is there more to come or will it transition to something else ?. Firstly celluloid film is a thin sheet of celluloid, created from nitrocellulose and camphor. Celluloid can be traced back to as far as 1856 to an English man called Alexander Parkes. Parkes has been found to be â€Å"the first person who was granted the first patent which described a plastic material which he called ‘Parkesine’ †. (1) However it wasn’t actually Parkes that patented celluloid. John Wesley Hyatt an inventor and his brother Isaiah who actually patented their material as celluloid. So celluloid originated from New Jersey in the United States. Celluloid was actually created to become a replacement for the use of ivory in many products. However is made its way into film industry later on. This was primarily down to the work of John H. Stevens. â€Å"John H. Stevens was a chemist at the Celluloid Manufacturing Company† . (1) He discovered that a material know as amyl acetate was a â€Å"solvent for diluting celluloid† (1) This di scoveryShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution And Importance Of Sound1434 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution and Importance of Sound in Media Sound has accompanied performances and visual entertainment all throughout history, and more recently, with interactive media in video games. Sound is an integral part of the user experience and helps solidify immersion and realism. 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TheRead Moreinformative speech1255 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: Information Speech Outline â€Å"The Evolution of Animation† Subject Code: USEL 23 - Speech Communication Prepared For: Datin Minda Hassan Prepared By: Nur Rabiatul Adawiyah Bt Mohd Nor Kamarudin (1411170007) Class: Oregon Program: ADFP Summer 2014 Preparation Outline Informative Speech â€Å"The Evolution of Animation – From 2D Animation to 3D Animation† General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience the evolution of animation. Central Idea: I will myRead MoreUnderstanding Our Roles in the Digital Nation679 Words   |  3 PagesUnderstanding Our Roles in the Digital Nation Our world we live in changes dramatically every day. With evolving technologies moving often faster than we can understand, it is interesting to see how these innovations are impacting lives of everyday Americans and others all over the world. 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Military Strategic Interest as an Imporatant Factor in...

The most important factor in America imperialisms from 1865 to 1914 was military-strategic interest. This is the most important factor because during this time period the United States acquired the Pacific islands of Midway, which served as an important stopping place for American ships e route to China, and American merchants. Also American gained territories after the Spanish-American war. Another thing was the creation of the Panama Canal which helped America. The final thing is the foreign policies of Taft, Roosevelt, and Wilson. Americans wanted to build a thriving trading empire since the mid-1800s. They started this empire when the Secretary of State Wilson H. Seward gained control of some islands in the Pacific region. They were†¦show more content†¦After an American ship was bombed by the Spanish soldiers killing 260 officers this fueled the Spanish-American War. The war lasted for a long time but on December 10, 1898 United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Par is ending the war. Also Cuba became American protectorate and Puerto Rico and Guam became territories of the United States. Another thing that happen was Spain surrendered the Philippines in exchange for 20 million dollars. The American empire was becoming bigger and more powerful. Roosevelt was a strong believer in preserving America from falling apart. In the 1900s he was concerned about the Caribbean region and that Europeans would interfere. He added an addition the Monroe Doctrine called Roosevelt Corollary. The used this to stop any Europeans from interfering with Latin America countries. This policy became handy when the United States to control of the Dominican Republic’s finances due to a revolution that destroyed the country’s government system. They also used this policy in Cuba when troops were sent to stop the revolution there. Taft had his policy called the dollar diplomacy. American trade and profits grew due to the investments in roads, railroads, and harbors. Woodrow Wilson avoided imperialisms and focused of promoting democracy in other lands. He wanted to base his believes of foreign policy on moral principles. In conclusion, the most important

Analysis of Philip Larkin’s Modesty Free Essays

Do not over-brooder things – Are too shy. Thoughts that shuffle round Like pence Through each reign, Wear down to their simplest sense Yet remain. Weeds are not supposed to grow But by degrees Some achieve a flower, although No one sees. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Philip Larkin’s Modesty or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is apparently a humble poem. The content and the form are both about the same thing regarding simplicity or, as the title denotes, modesty. It does not express very complex ideas even though they can be considered as important ones. The lines vary in length giving the poem a bounce, like some kind of internal discussion where the speaker argues with himself drawing a rhythm or pattern that, even inorganic in principle, with assonance rhyming and more or less fixed number of syllables, it is constructed in a way that finally matches the static tone of a modest prayer, where the speaker emphasizes the main ideas providing them as some kind of chorus. The poem partially exposes the manifesto of this generation of poets, with their rejection o romanticism or excess in general in poetry, trying to achieve a more real and closer poetry not full of symbolism conveyed by obscure words and expressions and intricate emotions. In this way, the poem in the first stanza states how these plain or more simple words and ideas are truer, they ‘do not lie’, they ‘are too shy to do so, and, therefore, in this sense more genuine maybe, not covered with the mud of complexity, speaking openly the mind of the poet. The second stanza expands this concept of truth. No matter how far you shuffle your own thoughts or for how long, earning them away, wearing them down’, eventually they ‘remain’, In your mind, or, even better, they are purified by getting to a level of ultimate simplicity. The final stanza uses the metaphor of weeds becoming flowers, something quite Improbable In principle, but that linked to the process described In the previous stanza gets to convey an Idea of change In quality. Stoically, modesty ‘by degree’ turns Into beauty, and here we face the aesthetic level of truth. A final state that can be witnessed, but Just as a result, not as a process. No-one sees how the flower becomes a flower, yet It Is there. Analysis of Philip Larrikin Modesty By lexical Thoughts that shuffle round like pence wearing them away, Wearing them down’, eventually they ‘remain’, in your mind, or, stanza uses the metaphor of weeds becoming flowers, something quite improbable in principle, but that linked to the process described in the previous stanza gets to convey an idea of change in quality. Simplicity, modesty ‘by degree’ turns into beauty, just as a result, not as a process. No-one sees how the flower becomes a flower, yet it is there. How to cite Analysis of Philip Larkin’s Modesty, Papers

Ethics - Reflection Paper free essay sample

Ethics is one of the most important topics that we have covered in this course. It is very important in the field of Business as we often encounter complex situations that will often involve an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives, in which choosing one would result in discarding the other. But ethics is one thing that cannot be neglected in a Business scenario. Being unethical might fetch you results in the short term but in the long term it might hamper your growth or it might be the cause for your downfall. Hence, every organization must try to inculcate this habit in its employees. But one major challenge with ethics is that it is a very relative term. What might be right to one person may not be right to another person. Consider the case of Reliance Industries, where Dirubhai Ambani took advantage of the loop holes in Government norms to make money. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Reflection Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So was it right? Or was it unethical? It is a very difficult, or rather an impossible task to set any absolute guidelines for that. However, in the interest of organization stakeholders and community at large, it is important for an organization to come up with basic guidelines/frameworks that assist every individual in ethical decision making. This can also effectively decrease the risk of misconduct as any deviation from the expected conduct would be considered unethical. It was a Monday morning when I was informed that I and another colleague, a good friend of mine, were short listed to work on a product of XXXX at their campus. I was working as a Software Engineer then, at one of the leading Information Technology companies, and this Product was planned to be developed in collaboration with XXXX in duration of 1 year. I clearly knew that I wanted to take up this work for the kind of exposure it promised. I signed in for the project with high spirits and set off to work in a week. As I would be working at a different location from that of our own company, I was granted External Network access to company’s resources so that I can also complete my pending works. This also meant that I could access all our companies’ resources from home. This came with a clause that, I shall not use this opportunity to misuse the facility to leak any confidential or non-confidential information to anyone, internal or external to the company. A couple of months later, I got a call from one of my colleagues asking me to share some of the study material from the company’s network, which was actually against rules. I generally follow high standards of ethics both in professional and personal life. But in this case I faced an ethical dilemma as this was for a good cause and also I didn’t want to spoil the relationship that we shared. So, I obliged to him and gave him the necessary resources. Few weeks later, I found that some of the information from the study material was shared on one of the public forums. When I discovered that it was my colleague who shared the info online, I was angered at him for complete breach of trust, which could have cost me my job, if I were caught. Now, when I reflect upon those series of events, I realize that if I had not broken the company rules in the first place by sharing the files, the issue would not have gone so far. Though my intention was not bad, the consequences were. This was completely unexpected. This is a very small case where the impacts were only limited to me and my colleague, but when I try to imagine this situation on a large scale where most of the company stakeholders would be affected, it frightens me to take any such decisions. From one such past experience and the debates that stirred up in the class, I realized it is correct to follow ethics as set by the company. It is not just an individual employee of the company, but every stakeholder involved with the company who must follow the fixed guidelines set by the company in order to maintain an ethical conduct in our decision making. Otherwise, it affects all other stakeholders. For Example, In the case of YYYY Technologies, the higher management tried to cheat people around them and in no time the company was in dumps. XXXX and ZZZZ group are perfect examples of firms that follow highest standard of ethics and today they are Leaders in their fields. Truly, a Leadership by example.

Presentation - Ikea free essay sample

Katarzyna Gawor Sofia Hal ¤sov ¤ Friedemann Polzin International Business Strategy: IKEA IKEA Overwiev Global business strategy Generic Strategy Organizational structure Operational strategy CSR Regional Strategy in CEE Swedwood New markets sourcing and customers Local strategy in Slovakia 04/12/08 2 IKEA historic background IKEA Svenska AB (1943) †+ Ingvar Kamprad Entering the Scandinavian market (1963) Expansion into Europe and first steps overseas 0 Switzerland and Germany in the 1970s Fall of the Iron Curtain* full entry into CEE †+ Swedwood Entry to the British market †+ aquisition of Habitat Further expansion †+ China and Russia 04/12/08 International Business Strategy: IKEA 3 Facts Figures The IKEA Group: 253 stores in 24 countries 41 trading service offices in 30 countries 27 distribution centres and 11 customer distribution centres in 16 countries 183 stores in Europe (the largest market) 46 in North America 11 in Russia 10 in China and Japan 3 in Australia 04/12/08 International Business Strategy: IKEA 4 Products: wide range of products including approx. 9500 standarized models of flat pack furniture avialable in IKEA stores all over the world Houses flats BoKlok in Scandinavia in the UK (since 1996) Family Mobile in the I-JK (since 2008) Product names 0 special naming system developed by IKEA 04/12/08 International Business Strategy: IKEA 5 Employees: Coworkers by region Asia and Australia: 7. We will write a custom essay sample on Presentation Ikea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 650 North America:16. 800 Europe:103. 350 Coworkers by function Purchasing, distribution, wholesale:14. 500 Swedwood Group 17. 100 Retail 96. 200 04/12/08 International Business Strategy: IKEA 6 Facts figures Sales 7 Sales: 8 Purchasing: 9 Corporate structure Stichting INGKA Foundation INGKA Holding B. V. The IKEA Group: Services B. V. IKEA Services AB Inter IKEA Holding S. A. Inter IKEA Systems B. V. IKEA stores 04/12/08 International Business Strategy: IKEA 10 Business strategy Mission Ã'›to create a better everyday life for the many people Target group young low to middleincome family Organisational structure from international suppliers 04/12/08 International Business Strategy: IKEA 11 Operating strategy IKEAs success †+ based on the idea of keeping cost between manufacturers and customers down Innovative cost saving in both upstream and downstream RD centralized in Sweden 12 Global strategy Generic strategies: costseeking diversification focus strategy Modified value chain: cut costs in both upstream and downstream twoway value system between customers, suppliers, and IKEAs headquarters forward integration 0 Swedwood 04/12/08 International Business Strategy: IKEA 13 Marketing Communication How does IKEA achieve it? Standarized products selfassembly flat pack furniture Catalogue a loyalty program Good service: restaurants food mini stores markets children play areas Corporate culture 04/12/08 International Business Strategy: IKEA 14 IKEAs internationalization

Algeria Research Paper Final Draft essays

Algeria Research Paper Final Draft essays Algeria was not like any other colony of France. At one point it was actually a part of the French land itself. Algeria fought a war of independence that was long and violent, unlike other nations that had calm and non-violent revolutions. Algerias revolutionary timeline is a fascinating one. Algeria is located in northern Africa. The capital of Algeria is Algiers, which is a coastal city in the northern regions of Algeria. Algeria is a rather large nation, with an approximate size of 3.5 times the size of Texas. Its coastline is about 620 miles long, where its shores touch the Mediterranean Sea, the only body of water that Algeria borders. In 2003, the population was recorded to be about 32,818,500 people. Algeria has a mostly arid climate, with wet winters and dry summers. The terrain is mostly high plateau and desert, with some mountains, and a narrow, uneven coastal plain. Algeria suffers from 3 main natural hazards: earthquakes, mudslides, and floods in the rainy season. Algeria does not have a lot of modern technology. There are 2.3 million telephones. At first, this may seem like a lot, but this adds up to the extremely small average of about 5 telephones per 100 people. There are only 33,500 cellular phones for the 32,818,500 people living in Algeria. Algeria has 7.1 million radios and 3.1 million televisions. Algerias infrastructure and transportation are not impressive. With only 2,468 miles of railway, 64,622 miles of highway, 13 ports and harbors, 136 airports, Algeria is hardly able to accommodate the needs of the people. One would think that with 998 km of coastland, Algeria would have a couple of waterways. Algeria has no waterways at all, slowing down transport of traded goods to the inner lands. There is a lot of poverty in Algeria. The amount of money coming from imports is less than the money coming from exports, which is not good for the economy. Algeria wound up this w...

Biography of Charlie Parker

Charlie Parker's biography Charlie Parker is one of the few musicians who can say that jazz has been permanently changed. He can play a very fast line, and if you slow down to half speed, you will notice that each sound makes sense. Charles Christopher Parker was born in Kansas City, USA on August 29, 1920. He was born on the Kansas side of the state, but in fact it was born from the Kaw River in Kansas City, Missouri. Everyone who intends to write a suitable biography of Charlie Parker must eventually master the essence of genius itself. Very recently, in the life of the great contemporary jazz saxophonist Stanley Crouch, the first volume of the long-awaited two volumes is close to a conversation with the William Biddy fleet, he is a troublesome guitarist, After he arrived in New York in 1938, he explored his own style and new concept that jazz may still be his teens. I like birds (Parker), I told the writer, This is not a person who has to write down, go home and study, and I will do anyone when I meet next time. I like birds Things will do it as soon as you find out what it is. The legendary jazz musician Charlie Parker was born on 29th August 1920 at Charles Christopher Park in Kansas City, Kansas. His father, Charles Parker, is an African American performing artist and his mother, Eddie Parker, is a traditional American maid. Charlie is the only child who moved to Kansas City, Missouri with his parents at the age of seven. Back then, the city was the center of African-American music, including jazz, blues and gospel. Charlie discovered his musical talent by attending a public school class. As a teenager, he played the school band's baritone horn. When Charlie was 15 years old, Alto Saxophone was his favorite instrument. (A few years ago, Charlie's mother handed him sax to help cheer his father after he threw away his family.) During school, Charlie began a band at a local club It was. The famous saxophonist Charlie Parker was acclaimed for Bebop's inventio n. Next to Charlie Park is Dizzy Gillespie (one of the greatest trumpet players in my life). Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker are praised for the birth of Bebop. In 1945, Charlie Parker co-starred with Dizzy Gillespie and founded his own band. Dizzy Gillespie believes that Bebop was the way to adopt the world of racism at the time. After all, they joined the 6 - night night club tour and together they made a new jazz style, bop or bebop.

Logical Reasoning Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Logical Reasoning - Math Problem Example Euler circles otherwise known as Euler diagrams are graphical representations of logical statements. Each set in this diagram is represented as a circle or closed curve. Intersections between sets are shown as partially overlapping circles. On the other hand, the equivalence of two sets is given by a complete overlap of the circles. Using this approach, the relationship of sets becomes clear. It is then easy to determine the validity of a conclusion based on the diagram. For the first statement it is clear from the diagram that given the premise, there is no established relation between B and C. Likewise, the second statement also establishes no relationship between the two. Therefore, both statements are invalid. In contrast, truth tables are textual representations of the logic statement. Unlike a pure logic statement, the truth table presents all possible combinations of the input set and determines the conclusion from each combination. While not as intuitive as Euler circles, this approach provides a more exhaustive view of a logical statement. The respective truth tables for the above logical statements follow: In the first table, when all the premises are satisfied, there is definitely no way wherein the conclusion is satisfied. This statement is therefore invalid. For the second statement, most cases satisfy the statement except for one. However, since the conclusion is an implication, then the presence of this single case invalidates the statement. Conclusion From the given examples, it is clear that the use of alternative representations of logical statements aid in logical reasoning. In fact, both Euler circles and truth tables were consistent in invalidating the logic for both examples. Question 1 Let: Equations: Solution: Modify eqn 1: Substitute to eqn 2: Conclusion: UniquePhil has 10 $0.37 stamps. Question 2 Solution: Using the Venn Diagram Exactly 2 writing instruments: Conclusion: 15 backpacks contain exactly two of the three writing instruments. Question 3 Question 4 Solution: Conclusion: The car got 54.4 miles per gallon. Question 5 Question 6 Biconditional Question 7 2.8700 Question 8 Question 9 Solution: Conclusion: cups of flour should be used. Question 10 Solution: During peak hours: During off-peak hours: Conclusion: $1.76 can be saved by making 16-minute calls during off-peak hours. Question 11 Solution: Using the Law of Contraposition: Using De Morgan's Law: Conclusion: They are logically equivalent. Question 12 Solution: truth table p q q pq TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE Conclusion: There is only 1 T in the final columb. Question 13 Question 14 Question 15 Valid Question 16 Question 17 Question 18 Invalid Question 19 Solution: 1 3 7 13 15 19 25 27 31 37 --- Diff 2 4 6 2 4 6

Motivating employees Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivating employees - Coursework Example She emphasized that being respected, being taken seriously, and being listened to are considered very crucial. In this regard, using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Shank’s old boss failed to meet her esteem and status needs, which are the desires for self-respect, or self-esteem. These include the desires for achievement, confidence, independence, and freedom; as well as reputation, prestige, recognition, attention, importance and appreciation. For Shank, these needs have not been previously met because of the organizations’ utter disregard for a person’s worth as a person, and not as a number, as alleged. To address these missing needs, management of these previous organizations should provide positive recognition and importance to their personnel by acknowledging good performance through rewards, appreciating inputs, promotions and recognizing exemplary work, as needed. (2) Use the Expectancy Theory and/or the Equity Theory of motivation to explain how feeling underpaid might affect the work of a Flight 001 associate and what a manager can do to increase the employees motivation. The Expectancy Theory states that motivation is a product of three variables: namely, â€Å"valence which represents how much as person wants a reward; expectancy, which refers to a person’s estimate of the probability that effort will result in effective performance; and instrumentality, which relates to a person’s estimate that performance will lead to receiving the reward† (Martires & Fule, 2000, p. 22). Feeling underpaid might affect the work of an associate in terms of perceiving that the effort exerted leading to a level of expected performance is not appropriately compensated and therefore, there is this feeling of being short changed or not being properly remunerated for the particular job. In this case, the associated would

Yellow Wallpaper Essay Essay Example for Free

Yellow Wallpaper Essay Essay (Full name Charlotte Anna Perkins Stetson Gilman) American short story writer, essayist, novelist, and autobiographer. The following entry presents criticism of Gilmans short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† (1892). The short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by nineteenth-century feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman, was first published in 1892 in New England Magazine. Gilmans story, based upon her own experience with a â€Å"rest cure† for mental illness, was written as a critique of the medical treatment prescribed to women suffering from a condition then known as â€Å"neurasthenia. † The significance of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† as a feminist text, however, was not acknowledged until the critically acclaimed 1973 reissue of the story by the Feminist Press. Henceforth, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† made its way into the canon of feminist literature, becoming a staple of university womens studies courses. Since 1973, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has been reissued by several publishers in various volumes edited by literary critics. It was also adapted to film in a 1992 made-for-television production by the British Broadcasting Corporation. Plot and Major Characters While in her twenties, Gilman was diagnosed with a mental disorder called neurasthenia or â€Å"nervous prostration.† She was treated by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, the leading authority on this illness. Mitchells rest cure, prescribed primarily to women, consisted of committing the patient to bed for a period of months, during which time the patient was fed only mild foods and deprived of all mental, physical, and social activity—reading, writing, and painting were explicitly prohibited. Gilman once stated that the rest cure itself nearly drove her insane. The parallels between Gilmans experience and that of the narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† are evident in the story. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is structured as a series of secret diary entries by an unnamed woman, a young wife and new mother whose debilitating mental condition has prevented her from caring for her infant. She and her husband John, who is a doctor, have rented a house in the country, i n which she is to take a rest cure. The narrator is confined to an upstairs room that was once a childs nursery but has been stripped of all furnishings and decor, except for a bed that is nailed to the floor, bars over the windows, and a garish yellow wallpaper. She describes the color and pattern of the wallpaper in an assortment of distasteful ways. The narrator becomes more obsessed with the wallpaper and begins to imagine that a woman is trapped behind it. The storys finale finds the narrator creeping around the edges of the room and tearing the wallpaper in ragged sheets from the walls in an attempt to free the woman she believes to be trapped behind it. When her husband unlocks the door and finds his wife and the room in these conditions, he is appalled. â€Å"Ive got out at last,† she explains, â€Å"And Ive pulled off most of the paper so you cant put me back!† He faints, and she continues to creep around the room, crawling over her husband as he lies unconscious on the floor. Major Themes Several major themes emerge from the narrative of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Gilmans story expresses a general concern with the role of women in nineteenth-century society, particularly within the realms of marriage, maternity, and domesticity. The narrators confinement to her home and her feelings of being dominated and victimized by those around her, particularly her husband, is an indication of the many domestic limitations that society places upon women. The yellow wallpaper itself becomes a symbol of this oppression to a woman who feels trapped in her roles as wife and mother. Gilmans story further expresses a concern for the ways in which society discourages women of creative self-expression. The narrators urge to express herself through writing is stifled by the rest cure. Yet, the creative impulse is so strong that she assumes the risk of secretly writing in a diary, which she hides from her husband. Finally, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† addresses issues of men tal illness and the medical treatment of women. While the narrator is clearly suffering from some kind of psychological distress at the beginning of the story, her mental state is worsened by her husbands medical opinion that she confine herself to the house. The inadequacy of the patriarchial medical profession in treating womens mental health is further indicated by the narrators fear of being sent to the famous Dr. Weir, proponent of the rest cure treatment. Critical Reception At the time of its initial publication in 1892, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was regarded primarily as a supernatural tale of horror and insanity in the tradition of Edgar Allan Poe. In 1920, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was reprinted in the volume Great Modern American Short Stories, edited by William Dean Howells, who described it as a story to â€Å"freeze our †¦ blood.† Elaine R. Hedges, author of the afterword to the 1973 version, praised the work as â€Å"one of the rare pieces of literature we have by a nineteenth-century woman who directly confronts the sexual politics of the male-female, husband-wife relationship.† Since that time, Gilmans story has been discussed by literary critics from a broad range of perspectives—biographical, historical, psychological, feminist, semiotic, and socio-cultural. Nearly all of these critics acknowledge the story as a feminist text written in protest of the negligent treatment of women by a patriarchal society. Furthermore, the story has sparked lively critical discussion and ongoing debate over the symbolic meaning of the wallpaper, the extent to which the st ory represents an effective feminist statement, and the implications of the storys ending. Critics continue to debate the question of whether Gilman provides a feminist solution to the patriarchal oppression that is exposed in the story, while acknowledging the enduring significance of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† as both a feminist document and a literary text for contemporary readers.

Karl Marxs Views on how Industrialization Affected Society Essay

Karl Marx's Views on how Industrialization Affected Society The Industrial Revolution was the result of many interrelated changes that transformed society from agricultural communities into industrial ones. The most immediate changes on society because of this revolution were on the products that were produced, where, and how. Goods that were traditionally made in homes or small workshops began to be manufactured in large industrial factories. As a result, productivity and efficiency increased dramatically, thereby causing a radical shift in the long-established economies that existed at the time. The Industrial Revolution led to the growth of cities as people moved from rural areas to the city in order to find work. Marx believed that the changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution overturned not only the traditional economies, but also society in general. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, both societal and economic conditions were largely determined by agriculture. Growth was slow, and people relied on traditional means to get by. The majority of the society were farmers and raised other animals. In the eighteenth century, however, the population exploded at an unprecedented pace. There are four primary reasons that may be cited for this growth: a decline in the death rate, an increase in the birth rate, the virtual elimination of plagues, and an increase in the availability of food [1]. This population growth created a surplus of labor. The need for workers in agriculture decreased due to the technological advances in techniques and tools. The surplus of people, as well as other would-be farmers, had to find jobs elsewhere. This is one important factor in the shift of the popul... ...Sherman, Dennis, and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. Vol. 2: From 1600. (New York: McGraw Hill Publishers, 2001), 572. 4. Joseph A. Montagna, â€Å"The Industrial Revolution,† Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. 2001, http://www.cis.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1981/2/81.02.06.x.html (22 October 2001). 5. The Acts 29 Times. â€Å"The Industrial Revolution,† April 1999, http://www.acts29online.org/industrial%20revolution.htm, 22 October 2001. 6. James Fielden, The Curse of the Factory System (New York, A. M. Kelley, 1969), 34- 35. 7. Fielden, 34-35. 8. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000, Industrial Revolution, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington. 9. Chris Rohmann, A World of Ideas (New York: Random House Publishing, 1999), 249. 10. Rohmann, 249 11. Marx, 19. 12. Marx, 16.

Modular Arithmetic

One   can   always   say, ‘ it   is   7.00   p.m.’ and   the   same   fact   can   be   also   put   as   ‘ it  is   19.00 ’. If   the   truth   underlying   these   two   statements   is   understood   well, one   has  understood   ‘ modular mathematics ‘   well. The   conventional   arithmetic   is   based   on   linear   number   system   known   as   the  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ number   line’.   Modular   Arithemetic   was   introduced   by   Carl   Friedrich   Gauss   in   1801, in   his   book ‘ Disquisitiones   Arithmeticae’. (modular).   It   is   based   on   circle.   A   circle   can   be   divided   into   any   number   of   parts. Once   divided, each   part   can   be  named   as   a   number, just   like   a   clock, which   consists   of   12   divisions   and   each  division   is   numbered   progressively. Usually, the   starting   point   is   named   as ‘0’. So,the   starting   point   of   a   set   of   numbers   on   a   clock   is   ‘0’   and   not   ‘1’. Since   the  divisions  Ã‚   are 12, all   integers , positive   or   negative, which   are   multiples   of   12, will  always   be   corresponding   to   0,   on   the   clock. Hence, number   18   on   a   clock  corresponds   to   18/12 . Here   the   remainder   is   6,   so   the   answer   of   13 + 5   will   be   6 Similarly, the   same   number 18, on   a   circle   with   5   divisions   will   represent   number  3, as   3   is   the   remainder   when   18   is   divided   by   5.Some   examples   of   addition   and   multiplication   with   mod   (5): 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6   +   5   = 11. Now   11/5   gives   remainder   1. Hence   the   answer   is   1. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13   +   35 = 48. Now, 48/5   gives   3   as   remainder. Hence   the   answer   is   3. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9   +   ( -4) = 5. Now   5/5   gives   0   as   remainder. Hence   the   answer   is   0. 4)   14   +   ( – 6 ) = 8 . Now   8/5   gives   3   as   remainder. So   the   answer   is   3. Some examples of multiplication with mod ( 5 ). 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6   X   11 = 66. Now, 66/5   gives   1   as   remainder. So   the   answer   is   1. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13 X 8 = 104. Now   104/5   gives   4   as   remainder . So   the   answer   is   4 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   316 X – 2 = -632. Now, 632/5   gives   2 as   remainder. For negative numbers   the   calculation   is   anticlockwise. So , for negative numbers, the  answer   will   be   numbers   of   divisions   (mod)   divided   by   the   remainder.Here the   answer   will be 3. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13 X –7 = – 91. Now, 91/5   gives 1 as remainder. But, the answer will be 5 – 1 = 4. So   the   answer   is   4. Works-cited page 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modular, Modular Arithmetic, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2006, Retrieved on   19-02-07 from < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic> 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The entire explanation is based on a web page available at , < http://www.math.csub.edu/faculty/susan/number_bracelets/mod_arith.html> Additional   information: An   automatic   calculator   of   any   type   of   operations   with   any  numbers   in   modular   arithmetic   is   available   on   website: < http://www.math.scub.edu/faculty/susan/faculty/modular/modular.html >         

Heritage and cultural tourism Essay

Tourism is third largest industry in the world and according to the report of World travel and Tourism Council tourism industry generates approx 12% of world GNP (Agyei and Samuel, 2006). Heritage and culture has always been one of the most significant aspects of world tourism. People live their lives against rich environment formed by historic buildings, countryside’s of ancient times (Chang, 2000). This present research report has objectives to discuss the growth and importance of heritage and cultural industry. To describe in better form some of the world’s most popular heritage place is considered in this report. Further this report will also focus on various aspects pertaining to heritage and culture industry (Barrà © and Hervà ©, 2002). TASK: 1 Understand the growth and development of the heritage and cultural industry within travel and tourism. a. Breakdown of Heritage and Cultural tourism locations Heritage and Cultural tourism locations are generally considered as a subdivision of tourism industry which is oriented towards the cultural heritages at the particular location where tourism is happening. It includes the process of traveling to experience all the historic places or take knowledge about the history (Chang, 2000). There are various places in world which consists with historic elements in it like Tateva which is situated in Armenia, Briteddine palace, Lebanon, Wudand Mountains, situated in china etc. But in present scenario there various factors which are responsible for destroying world heritage (Evans and Graeme, 2003). To give broad focus on the issue here is an example of some world heritages which are standing on the stage of demolition. Bamiyan Buddha’s statutes are the worlds famous monumental statues of Buddha’s are established in 6th century which was destroys in the year of 2001 (Evans and Graeme, 2003). These statues are built from stone and sand in the ancient times. The reasons are not yet clear for destruction of these two prehistoric statues. Figure : Bomiyan Buddha’s statue (Source: Evans and Graeme, 2003) Bomiyan Buddha’s statues are situated in the Afghanistan, 230 km northwest of Kabul, and standing into the side of cliff in Bamiyan valley. Lots of examples are observed where ancient assets are standing at the corner of devastation. There is also one example of â€Å"Pompeii† which is ancient roman town city. This ancient town was originated in the seventh century BC was captured by Romans in 80 BC (Bernick and Boo, 2013). This place was also known as House of Gladiators, but before some time unfortunately its breakdown report has been recognize. Pompeii is popular in tourist but suffered from lack of investments for further developments. One wall was destructed by the cause of heavy rain falls which reflects the lack of Italian governments in maintain the ancient sites. This place is situated near Nepal in the Italian region of Campania. It is the popular tourism place and it in the year of 2008 this place has recorded 2.6 million visitors per year (Harrison, 2006). Figure : Pompeii after destruction (Source: Bernick and Boo, 2013) b. Growth and development of heritage and cultural sites To consistently ensuring the development of heritage sites of the world, there is establishment of the World Heritage Center in 1992 (Harrison, 2006). They are working as a secretariat of the statutory bodies of the conventions. They assist the state parties in order to implement the development policies of heritages sites. This center also helps in executing the old conventions and to develop the domestic government capabilities to maintain the long term protection of historic sites. Governments of many nations are aware for develop their ancient sites to retain the past. They are working in order to provide enormous opportunities of employments for economy and social developments of their nation. There are various private and government originations which assist in the developments of heritage and cultural sites (Mehmetoglu and Normann, 2013). Culture and tourism is major source of revenue and various steps are taken by governments and private organizations to develop the heritage and culture. There are several steps has been taken by the governments, organizations, an community to develop heritage and culture (Mehmetoglu and Normann, 2013). Authentic cultural and heritage venues and programs: It is essential for each community to realize that heritage and culture is competitive venture (Petia and Peter, 2004). It is required by the governments and private organization to take some steps for gathering people and develop them understanding regarding importance of heritage and culture conservations. They can organize some events or programs to aware the public for appreciation of heritage (Petia and Peter, 2004). Coordination of stakeholders: This is another process of growth and development where organizations can take the help of workers and service providers in heritage place. Service provider can educate the customers regarding usefulness of history and traditions. Coordination of stakeholder will contributes a great support in aware the customers to take care of their heritage and traditions (Uriely, 2009). Development of Necessary infrastructure: By developing major infrastructure of the heritage places government can helps in increasing the numbers of visitors. The major infrastructure includes hotels, transportation, amenities, local attractions etc (Uriely, 2009). These things will attract the visitors to a visit that place and leads to generate sources of income for the local peoples. c. Potential conflicts in the conservation of heritage and cultural sites The term Heritage is generally used by the people for those things which are valuable for them and which they want to secure for future, and that thing will be source of pride for them. The common conflicts which could be occur and concern with defining tangible heritage and intangible heritage (Petia and Peter, 2004). Intangible heritage can be observed as meaning, values, memories, feeling etc and tangible heritage are those which are built in the ancient time. Potential conflicts regarding conservation of heritage and cultural sites should be cut down. In the case when conflict cannot be cut down, then significance of the heritage should be put forward. Different group from community have different preferences and values for heritage. Giving preference to conservation for particular place by skip another valuable place can become the major reason for developing conflicts in the group of the communities (Uzama, 2009). TASK: 2 Purpose and importance of heritage and cultural attractions a. Purpose and importance of heritage and cultural sites and attractions Heritages are divides in two part tangible and intangible heritage, it essential to preserve all the heritage and natural sites around the world. One aspect for retention of the heritage places is that major tourism business is associated with the heritage places. Tourism industry generally prefers to visits their travelers at heritage and natural attractions. It is reflected from recent survey that in between 1996 to 2002 data shows that heritage travel is increased by 13 %, more than double growth of US travel industry (Uzama, 2009). According to the report of US Travel Association, travel and tourism industry directly contributes to approx $800 billion to the economy of United States in the year of 2011 (Uriely, 2009). The main purpose of the heritage is concerned with protecting the environment by encouraging the peoples and government to save the world heritage to sustain local economy. Retention of heritage place also provides the quality of life and helpful in giving cultural identity to the communities (Uzama, 2009). The importance of heritage can be judged by observing the total contribution to the GDP by Egypt tourism which has recorded increase in 4% to 9% simultaneously 2009 to 2010 (Harrison, 2006). In the context of cultural attractions, for example cultural attractions in Saudi Arabia have contributes to 12% of GDP. Figure : Growth ratio of Heritage and Culture tourism (Source: Lafontine and Shaw, 2005) From the traditional point of view heritage is defined as architecture object. In present era heritage includes various monuments, buildings, landscapes, old traditions, urban areas, maritime places, country sites, etc (Lafontine and Shaw, 2005). Heritage sites and buildings, landscapes also contain various optimistic influences on many aspects to develop a social community. Rebuilding, education, economy development, increase in the level of employments are the key areas where positive impacts of the heritage and culture reservation can be observe (Rodgers, 2001). By recognizing the various advantages to these aspects it can be considered that heritage and culture are important for the economy and social developments (Sisay, 2009). The historic environment is proven as a source of benefits because there are various parts in world where tourist generally attracts to visits only that place which is consists with some past. This thing provides information to travelers regarding habits, patterns and preferences, styles, and a business concept of ancient’s communities. Social community feels very proud to have some history of them, but don’t always express how much they give value to the place until it is in problem. Reuse of the ancient building is a significant factor which relates to sustainable communities (Lafontine and Shaw, 2005). b. How do these sites and attraction meet the needs of different customers and stakeholders In tourism industry cultural and heritage is considered as fastest growing segment and consistently showing trends towards the rising flow of specialization among tourists. Developing heritage and cultural segment in the tourism industry reflects the fascination of travelers towards adventure, traditions, past, archeology and interest in interface with the traditional peoples (Laurie and et. al., 2004). According to perception of heritage and culture experts, customers are those who comes to visits heritage places and willful to take the information about local people culture and their traditional beliefs, conventions etc. They are the peoples who takes the services from the management of the heritage places and pay them charges where required (Laurie and et. al., 2004). In continuation stakeholders are those peoples who are associated with the heritage management to provide various services to their customers or travelers. In order to properly comprehend, regarding how heritage and cultural sites meets the needs of the customers and stakeholder, it is essential to understand the perceptions of the travelers (Nagle, 2000). Some travelers are seeking for various adventures in heritage places like mounting, tracking etc but at the other hand some are expecting to observe different cultural beliefs, values of the local peoples (Min, Min and Ahmed, 2005). Now here management or stakeholders of the heritage will arrange the safe area for adventures like organizing various adventures sports at heritage places to satisfy the needs of their customers. In return heritage organizations provide various allowances and incentives to their stake holder to engage in excursion work with them. In this way heritage and attractions sites will satisfy the needs of their customers and simultaneously heritage organizations satisfy the needs of their stakeholders (Laurie and et. al., 2004). Stakeholders are the management staff of the heritage organization which may be private or public (Nagle, 2000). They are continuously supporting the excursion work because heritage places are generally situated on the mountains and there are major chances of climate disasters, so they need proper support for their organization to survive there (Min, Min and Ahmed, 2005). Some of the impacts are perceived in the positive and negative manner (Lickorish, and Jenkins, 2007). If the ownership of the heritage place is in the hand of the government then they would not take initiative in the development of the management of the heritage. All the decisions regarding the heritage place would be in the hand of all employees. Anyone can be able to manipulate in polices of the government. In other words the uniformity in the decisions of the high level of ministers would not be similar by reaching at the lower level (Ottenbacher and Harrington, 2009). But at the other hand in the case of the private ownership of heritage place, organization would always seek to develop their property. In this statement â€Å"Property† word is used because despite of the government only ancestors of the place would be owner of that place (Lickorish, and Jenkins, 2007). Private owners always wants to develop more revenue from their property so the flow of decision would be precise. All the decisions regarding any kind of development or policies can be taken by the top management and all the lower level of managers needs to implement that. No one in the lower management would be able to manipulate in the decision making process (Yakhlef, 2004). TASK: 3 Roles and responsibilities and ownership of organizations in the heritage and cultural industry a. Impact of different types of ownership on the management of heritage and cultural sites Generally heritage and cultural industry are owned by their national government or by private owners who contains the ownership of particular place. This is responsibility of local government are divided in two acts one is Heritage act 1977 and second is Environmental planning and assessment act 1979 (Ottenbacher and Harrington, 2009). The local government needs to establish legislative framework to effectively manage the heritage which also includes the planning system. It is also essential to mention that Wild life service and National parks has a responsibility to take care about the conservations of the heritage and natural sites under the Wile life act 1974 (Yakhlef, 2004). There are different forms of managing the management of heritage private owners and government owners. Private owners generally seek to develop their heritage site to increase the revenue from it. Their flow of decision would always precise means no one can be edit in the decisions. All the decision making powers are in the hand of top management. But in the case of government owners which are less likely to invest in the development of the heritage and cultural sites. Every level of management can take decision in government organization (Yakhlef, 2004). b. Roles and responsibilities of organizations in the heritage and cultural industry Some of the major roles and responsibilities of private and government owners of the heritage places are: To create various effective strategies for the developments of heritage and cultural attractions for the tourism industry. Consistently take initiatives to take care of the cleanliness of the places. Organizations can financially help the traditional and heritage place for their development which leads to the large number of tourists which will strengthen the economy. Manage all the native state forestry to develop the heritage place in more widen manner. Collaborate in the various researches of the industry for innovations in order to improve the production from forest, wood quality etc (Martinez and Slooten, 2011). It is major role of government and organizations to plan future landscapes to increase the heritage and cultural environment to increase the tourism. Organizations can provide infrastructures by providing hotels and restaurants facility in heritage places, this thing will enhance the level of employment. It comes to know that approx 86% of domestic government total expenses they spent on waste management like managing wastewater and all kind of solid waste and balance spend on infrastructure activities (Touropia, 2010). It has observed that Australian Government has a constitutional roles and responsibility in order to managing every kind environmental matter which is very essential. These actions come under Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Planning Act 1999 (the EPBC Act). The EPBC Act has a requirement of approval for functions to perform (VisitBritain, 2012). TASK: 4 understand the methods of interpretation within the heritage and cultural industry a. Methods of interpretation within the heritage and cultural industry In the tourism industry with context to heritage and cultural sites, interpretations can be considered as a manner of learning which helps in embraces the educational concepts. It includes giving information pertaining to natural, cultural, physical, and history about the heritage and cultural sites (Touropia, 2010). These process includes various theories relates to psychology, philosophy, sociology and educational in order to helps in developing awareness and appropriate attitudes and behavior patterns. Interpretation also considered as an imperative manner of acquainting society with its life support system (Hall, Smith and Marciszewska, 2006). It is observe that foremost objective of the agencies and individual interpreters to lead the humans to develop consciousness about the heritage places. Agencies also concerns to make them able to take intelligent actions in order to sustain the nature, heritage and traditional environments. It is essential requirements of thorough understanding and knowledge about psychological terms of tourists to satisfy them and also to encourage them to save heritage nd cultural sites (Touropia, 2010). It is to be noted that the first principal of interpretation is to provide the knowledge which is pertains to experiences of the travelers. The concept of interpretations in tourism industry is developed by Enos Mills and suggested that interpretation is considered as educational activity which aims to disclose the meanings and relationships with the help of original objects by their own experience and also by illustrative media despite of basically communicate factual information’s (Watson, 2010). There are also various modes of interpretation within heritage and cultural industry which are described below. It is understood that interpretation may be give by off-site and on-site but there are also some typical interpretation methods which discussed below (Watson, 2010). Interpretation Methods

HOW TO START A DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY

HOW TO START A DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY Descriptive essay is a type of essay that is commonly requested by many educational institutions. Its main goal is to present a description from your own perspective or your own point of view. To make descriptive essay more memorable, your main priority will be presenting the topic or described object in a unique and personal way. Yes, it is necessary to make some research and read other descriptive essay writings in order to have wider ‘picture’, understanding the way descriptive essay can be written or presented. There are many options of how to start a   descriptive essay today. Make sure to focus on additional information and find facts about the topic or the object that interest you most.   Ã‚   Descriptive essay follows basic five-paragraph structure and has introduction, main body and conclusion. It is wise to include in your descriptive essay description of interesting place, memorable experience, or certain special attitude or perspective. Keep in mind that you can always rely on our company to assist you to write your perfect descriptive essay. All our descriptive essays are delivered on time. Ordering your descriptive essay with us is a prominent and sure way to invest your money in your educational success and prosperity. HOW TO START A DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY Before you start writing a descriptive essay, these are the facts that you should keep in mind to make your descriptive essay look best. Descriptive essay involves making a strong accent on your personal observation. Yet, how to start a descriptive essay? The description that you provide as an author must strictly focus on the subject. The description subjects are one person, certain event or experience, particular and unique place of attendance, past memory, etc. Start with identifying a personal perception of the perceived experiences. The best way is to describe something you have personally observed, experienced or perceived. Imagine as if you have something that you are eager to tell about to your readers. If you succeed, the readers may believe that they experienced that on their own. A standard descriptive essay is unwrapped around senses like sight, smell, sound, texture, touch, taste. Focus on providing more vivid detailed description. Conclude with relating to main idea of the writing. Be inspiring and create a sparkle of light in the readers’ heart.

Juvenile Gangs in America Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Juvenile Gangs in America - Term Paper Example Gangs are found in both urban and rural areas. Adult criminal offenders emanate from gangs at an early age and recruit their members from the gangs. Gangs should be diverted into constructive activities where they can positively utilize their energy and honestly make money instead of using criminal means. Juvenile Gangs in America The case of the young gang member is a sad one as instead of having a fruitful youth they waste themselves in burglary, muggings, robbery, gang wars, drug abuse and drug sale according to Franzese, Covey and Menard (2006). Both males and females engage in gang activities and may find themselves in juvenile jails at an early age owing to criminal activities in which they engage. This paper aims to study Juvenile gangs in America; types of Juvenile gangs, what causes them and the effect they have on society and the crimes they engage in, in the United States. The youth are constantly striving to seek for answers as to who they really are. They are looking to define their character, their objectives and pathways in life. This is probably the reason why gangs are constituted mainly of the youth; people lost looking to find their footing in life and in society. Law enforcers define gangs in a simple way as organized groups that join together for the common objective of committing criminal offences (Barrows and Huff, 2009). Barrows and Huff also state that gangs are strongly glued together, very organized, secretive and violent; a group that is a fast growing great threat to society. They also look to find where they feel safe and secure and a place where they feel dignified. Gangs offer this forum and make the young person feel comfortable and protected. The disadvantage with gangs, even as they offer this homely feel for the youth, is that they offer the wrong advice; a tool of menace instead of positive development. United States has experienced a rebirth of gangs and crimes perpetuated by gangs over the last twenty years (Katz and Webb, 2006). Johnson (2004) submits that there are various types of youth gangs in the streets of United States. Scavengers at times referred to as wanna-be gangs are mainly consisted of whites from the suburbs whose main purpose is to bully and threaten other youngsters. Hispanic gangs, on the other hand, named as territorial gangs gather respect. African American gangs and a few Hispanic gangs called hardcore gangs endeavor to generate money by all means and kick out rival groups through violent. Members of a particular gang share various things such as ambition, devoutness and even backgrounds. The juvenile gang menace is mistaken to be uniquely American but it is a characteristic of many other nations and continents too as state by Siegel and Welsh (2011). The UK is a good example of a state disturbed by juvenile gangs and specifically the capital, London. Though there are many kinds of Juvenile gangs in the US, they tend to share similar characteristics. Such characteristics are; th ey are made up of youths, they protect particular territories mainly in the streets and they are immersed in criminal activities of all sorts. Gangs in the United States exist in all cities and members of gangs tend to evolve into leaders of organized crime settings (Finley, 2007). Young juvenile gang members are often trained by adults and are taught many things among them particular ways of

District School and School Boundary Research Paper

District School and School Boundary - Research Paper Example Some schools or districts use an alternative term for this category and usually refer to it as intermediary school or junior high school. Junior high schools usually refer to schools that engulfs grade seven through nine, while intermediate schools cover grades three through five or sometimes when these grades are separated from elementary schools. Finally, the high school category that includes grades nine through twelve. Sometimes it may incorporate grade seven and above. There are numerous cases where high school covers only grades ten to twelve, and this category is sometimes regarded as senior high school. All categories of the schools that have been discussed herein are responsible for the management of district schools. Public schools are public learning institutions that are managed by school districts that are independently instituted dependent school systems or special purpose governments. These management systems are controlled and closely governed by local and state gover nment (Suzanne and O'Neill, 2007). Notably, district schools are never interfered with by the nation’s politic since they are legally independent body corporate and politic (Daniel and Aladjem, 2006). District learning institutions or the district schools are regarded as local government that have the same mandates and powers as those of a county or township that include eminent domain and taxation. However, the Virginia district divisions have taxing system within its district authority; thus, depends it must seek aid of other local governments including city, county, or town authorities for funding the school. The district school governing body is typically elected through the direct voting system. Nonetheless, the entire governing organ can be appointed by officials within the government (Suzanne and O'Neill, 2007). The district school governing body also known as stakeholders include school board, board of education, board of trustees, school committee, local school board s, district leaders, district accountability committee, school leaders, and school accountability committee. The superintendent is appointed by this body. Normally, an experienced pubic school administrator is appointed in the position of the superintendent. The superintendent’s functions are likened to those of districts chief executive. That is carrying and executing everyday’s decision making and implementing the institutions policies and strategies. Additionally, the school board may be mandated with responsibility such as quasi-judicial functions in matters relating to a serious student or employee discipline matters (Tierney and Fairchild, 2011). All the stakeholders within the school system have varies responsibilities; thus, they are expected to be accountable and supportive along their lines of duty. Other than the mentioned above, the district school stakeholders also include the parents (Suzanne and O'Neill, 2007). Every stakeholder has its own different con tribution to the school success. The Education Department is responsible for ensuring that high-quality information is provided to varied stakeholders including the students, especially concerning the school and district performance. This department is mandated to evaluating the performance of each and every public school, districts, and states applying the already stipulated set of common academic performance indicators (Tierney and

Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industrialization - Essay Example The country had started as a young and weak nation with loose association of the former colonies and a traditional economy. The country had a major focus on agriculture and it was only now that the country was able move into mechanization. This had not only allowed for a bettered living situation for the normal Americans but also led to higher number of work available for the Americans as well. It was in 1851 that the change was very evident as the producers from various nations had gathered to celebrate the industrialization and this also led to higher number of jobs available for the people of the country. The American economy had emerged to become one of the largest and most productive on the globe and this had led to the major changes in the society, it led to urban population growth and rural population decline. Also the nature of the labor also changes to a great extent. The cities grew and the urban areas of the country expanded fivefold. Also there was an explosion in the gro wth of the big cities and the industrial revolution and its effects are seen even until the current day. Overall the industrialization has led to a large hop in the economy of the country along with the general public receiving a lot out of the changes as well. It has been a complete win – win situation for both the nation as well the ordinary

Business Studies Case Study on a Music Industry (With Diagrams) Essay Example for Free

Business Studies Case Study on a Music Industry (With Diagrams) Essay Benny, a class 9 boy who excelled in the art of singing wanted to make use of his rare talent and raise money for his future education. He set up a small time business with 2 of his friends to raise money, as he was very poor. One of his friends Sam decided to handle accounts as he was skilled at Maths and had a good understanding of what price to set. Another of his friends Josh was in charge of building personal relations with some consumers to enhance sales as he had excellent persuasions and people skills. All three of them thought about different marketing strategies. They conducted research and found: * This was a gap in the market as there are few talented child singers going public * Most of the people in their class were willing to buy the CD at a reasonable price, his juniors and seniors were also willing to buy, * There would be an excitement about the album only for he first few weeks as the three of them had built considerable hype for the launch of the event, * Knowing Benny personally helped as people knew that they could associate and comment on his album, selling the album anywhere else would not earn enough. * They would need to add a lot more value to the album like adding a live video of Benny singing and dancing and a virtually DJ mixed song. They calculated the cost of making one CD: * They had to pay a monthly rent of Rs 10,000 for the recording studio for one month but due to lack of funds the owner of studio allowed them to pay 50% after 4 months * Printing the cover page of the CD- 5 Rupees * Cost of empty CD 15 Rupees * Cover of the CD 10 Rupees * Other Rs. 5000 per month They did not think that they could do all the work themselves and hence employed 20 members of their class and promised to pay them 100 Rupees if they managed to sell 20 CDs each per month. They worked under the sales department. The album was launched in January and Sam decided to sell each CD for a cost of 99 Rupees. The first month the 3 of them sold only in their school and to their close friends and were able to sell 500 CDs in cash while another 250 were sold in credit. The next month the 3 of them decide to go outside school after taking customer feedback through questionnaires, interviews and observations and improving the mistakes they made in the album. Then they decided to market the CD throughout Mumbai and were promoted and sponsored by Planet M, as Planet M is a well known music shop; which charged 10000 per month for advertising. Every week on a Saturday, which is statistically Planet Ms day with the most footfalls, a special promotion took place where Benny sang live in the store. Planet M also advertised this in the Rolling Stones Magazine and newspaper. Benny became an instant hit and at the end of the year they sold 1000 CDs per month in cash and 500 CDs in credit that was to be paid by the next month. Now Benny and his friends have decided to sell the rights of the album to Tips Industry limited for 500,000 so that they could sell whole over India. They took this step as there board exams were approaching but as per the contract Benny has to perform about 1 stage show per month all over India and gets 10,000 Rupees for doing so.

Cadbury plc: An overview

Cadbury plc: An overview 1. Introduction Cadbury Plc has constantly been in the spotlight since August this year when its share price rose by more than 200 pence when Kraft placed its hostile takeover bid worth $17 billion. Since then other rivals such as Hershey, Ferrero and Nestle have also made interest for acquisition of the company. It is probably happening due to the facts that Cadbury Plc has been facing liquidity problems that prohibited rapid expansion, while at the same time having exceptionally strong presence in emerging markets and having strong brands. Cadbury Plc operates in a very competitive confectionery market characterised by fast-changing consumer attitudes and values. Hence the need for a strategic perspective on marketing never lessens. Moreover, (Financial Times, 2009) the confectionery industry is struggling in the recession as consumers seek out cheaper foods limiting discretionary spending on confectionery. These cheaper alternatives, coupled with the â€Å"derisory† takeover bid from Kraft foods, has caused a deep cloud of uncertainty to linger on Cadbury Plcs future, further compounding the need for a strategic perspective on marketing. 2. Business Strategy Business strategy can be defined as the direction and scope of the business over the long-term,which achieves advantage for the organisation through its arrangement of resources within a suitably challenging environment, to satisfy the needs of the market and fulfil stakeholder expectations (Brassington et al., 2006). Strategy can exist at different levels in a business entity: Corporate strategy concerns the allocation of resources within the organisation to achieve the business direction and scope specified within corporate objectives. It helps to control and coordinate the different areas of the organisation such as finance, marketing, research and development etc. Quite often corporate strategy is explicitly envisioned in a mission statement†. (Creating Brands People Love, 2009) For example Cadbury Plcs vision is to be the biggest and the best confectionery company in the world. Competitive strategy (business unit strategy) determines how a business competes successfully, in a particular market with particular regard to the relative positioning of competitors. Marketing strategy defines target markets, what direction to be taken for a defensible competitive position, compatible with overall corporate strategy within those markets. The strategic management process comprises three main components as shown in Figure 2 below: Strategy Implementation is often the hardest part in the strategic management process. However, this report only concentrates on strategy analysis and choice. 3. Strategic analysis Strategic analysis involves the analysis of the business strength, position and understanding the preponderant external factors that may influence that position. The methods below were used to assist in a strategic analysis for Cadbury Plc: FiveForces Theory a technique for identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in an industry developed by Michael Porter. Analysis of the Human Resources. Corporate and Operational issues. International Export Dimension. Swot Analysis. 3.1. The Five Forces Analysis Lindt Sprungli SpA Fujiya Co., Ltd. HARIBO GmbH Co KG Hsu Fu Chi International Limited Kraft Foods Inc Lotte Confectionery Co Ltd Nestlà © SA Perfetti Van Melle SpA The Hershey Company Tootsie Roll Industries Inc Mars Inc In pursuing an advantage over its rivals, Cadbury Plc has in the past adopted such tactics as: Changing prices to gain a temporary advantage (docstoc website). For example, a price reduction by three rupees for a mini Perk a Cadbury Plcs brand in India helped Perk penetrate the rural market increasing Cadbury Plcs market share in India by 1% with a further 10% rise in overall chocolate sales. Improving product features Cadbury Plcs brand, Dairy Milk, is the worlds most famous brand name and the companys leading chocolate bar by revenue. The company has used this to its advantage by creating new Dairy Milk varieties such as Wispa and Fruit Nut. Creative use of channels of distribution various outlets such as supermarkets, vending machines and convenient stores have been effectively utilised by Cadbury Plc and its rivals. Consequently, creative advertising has been the key factor in increasing market share. (Adbrands website) Advertising Age estimated global advertising expenditure by Cadbury Plc to be in the region of $425m in 2007, making it the worlds 83rd largest advertiser in advertising expenditure. Threat of substitutes in Porters, model substitutes refer to any products in other industries with lower prices or better performance parameters for the same purpose. According to confectionery news website, a growing trend towards healthy products by consumers has resulted in a drop in the value of the overall UK confectionery. Consequently, dark chocolate which is perceived to have great health benefits, has had an increase in popularity. As a matter of fact, in 2008 Cadbury Plc re-launched its Bourneville brand (dark chocolate) to counter this imminent threat and capitalise on the popularity of dark chocolate. Consumer power this is the impact that buyers pose on a production industry. The magnitude of the impact can be due to several factors. A big factor in the confectionery industry is that of a well educated consumer perception of the product. (The Epoch Times)This was so evident when consumer pressure resulted to Cadbury New Zealand backing down from an initiative to substitute cocoa butter to vegetable fat and palm oil. The latter would have increased palm oil production and the associated growth in plantations could lead to extensive destruction of plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia. Moreover, the consumers were not only unhappy with the products new taste and texture, but also the weight of each bar had significantly reduced. Supplier power suppliers refer to the entity that provides the industry with the raw materials. Powerful suppliers can exert an influence on the production industry by selling raw materials at a higher price to capture some of the industrys profit. Barriers/threat to entry as a firm operating in the free enterprise world, any firm should be free to enter and exit the market. However, industries exhibit some features that protect high profit firms thus inhibiting the entry of new rivals. Barriers may arise from the: Government which can develop and implement policies in relation to several macroeconomic influences, in turn affecting markets and organisations such as Cadbury Plc. Cadbury Plc have to operate according to the rules and regulations stated by the governments. Their products have to conform to the safety laws, for example, manufacturing processes in Cadbury Plc are subject to pollution controls. The government implicates Fiscal policy, which involves altering government expenditure/taxation. For Cadbury Plc to see an increase in profits in the future, they will want the government to implicate expansionary fiscal policy whereby the government would raise government expenditure, leading to an increase in aggregate demand or by cutting taxes, which would leave consumers with more money to spend on products such as those made by Cadbury Plc; in turn raising aggregate demand and therefore profits (Advisors in Fiscal Policy). The government could however introduce Contractionary Fiscal policy which would see aggregate demand be reduced by cutting governments expenditure or by raising taxes and hence reducing consumers expenditure. For Cadbury Plc to increase their profits, they will be against the government introducing Contractionary Fiscal policy. The Government also provide Cadbury Plc with incentives to open new factories and other work opportunities where there is a high unemployment rate. Patents and propriety knowledge ideas that provide competitive advantage are treated as private property when patented. Hence others cannot use them, which creates a barrier for entry. Cadbury Plc is strongly positioned due to a large product patent basis and their heavy investment in their research and development department. Expensive capital potential entrants are reluctant to commit to acquiring highly specialised expensive machinery. As a matter of fact, even though Cadbury Plc being one of the largest confectionery companies in the world, it is facing liquidity problems hindering their expansion into new regions (Data Monitor Cadbury PLC, 2009). 3.2. Human Resource The biggest human resource issue facing Cadbury Plc today is the loss of job security amongst many of their employers. As demonstrated in Maslows hierarchy of needs, a popular and accepted motivational theory, job security is an important factor in the motivating and well-being of a firms employees (Mottershead et al., 2006). With respectable newspapers and other informative media (The Guardian, Wall Street Journal, BBC etc.) predicting large job losses in Cadbury Plc should a potential takeover succeed, many employees are currently fearing for their jobs and this may affect their performance (Rohwedder, 2009; No Author, 2009; Clark, 2009). Cadbury Plc union leaders have met with Kraft (a US based business bidding to takeover Cadbury Plc) in order to protect Cadbury Plc employees and ensure that their employees jobs are still secure should Krafts proposed bid be accepted. However, this action in itself demonstrates the amount of scepticism that exists within many Cadbury Plc employees and highlights the lack of job security with many of the workers. This cynicism may be due to the fact that employees are unable to understand how Kraft can make their potential quoted savings without a significant loss of jobs (No Author, 2009; Griffin, 2009). The loss of job security may not only affect factory workers but may also affect managers and employees in higher positions within Cadbury Plc. During a takeover there is a lot of restructuring within all companies involved and many jobs tend to be lost as companies find that roles overlap. These job losses occur at all levels of employability and there tends to be a period where the company has a very high employee turnover level. Although Kraft is the strongest bidder for Cadbury Plc, Hershey and Ferrero (an Italian based business) have recently released independent statements revealing their interest in a potential takeover of Cadbury Plc. However as both businesses are significantly smaller than Kraft, sources close to both firms have revealed that Hershey and Ferrero have been in talks about a potential joint bid for Cadbury Plc. Although, Cadbury Plc union leaders remain steadfast in their belief that the best option for Cadbury Plcs many employees is for Cadbury Plc to remain an independent company (Clark, 2009). As we enter a more technological era, the ever constant fear for factory workers is the fear that they will be replaced by computers. This is a smaller human resource issue facing Cadbury Plc; however it is ever present and therefore is an issue that must be consistently paid attention to and addressed. At a recent visit, to the Bourneville site of Cadbury Plc, students were able to visit both the modern factory and the older one. At the older factory, it was clear to the students that more human interaction with the product existed. While in the modern factory students saw that a lot of the human interaction had been replaced with faster and more efficient equipment. It is important that the human resource department in Cadbury Plc address the above issues as the motivation and overall well-being of the employees will affect the companys performance in the long term. As Cadbury Plcs is the biggest confectionary company in the world (Cadbury plc, 2009) they stand to lose a lot. 3.3. Corporate and Operational Issues With different businesses attempting to takeover Cadbury Plc, there are a lot of different factors that will affect the way Cadbury Plc is viewed as a corporation and in turn how they operate should a potential takeover succeed. One of the main selling points for Cadbury Plc in Britain and Ireland, who account for 24% (Cadbury plc, 2009) of their revenue, is the fact that Cadbury Plc began and has remained a British business (up until today) and therefore it lends an authenticity to the brand that most competitors do not have. British favourites, such as Cadbury Dairy Milk, may begin to lose out to competitors should Krafts proposed takeover succeed. This is because a lot of the public in the United Kingdom do not support the proposed takeover and some MPs have even gone as far as requesting a motion that ensures that Cadbury Plc remains in British hands (No Author, 2009; Rohwedder, 2009). Cadbury Plc have also had negative publicity towards the takeover with Felicity Loudon who is a descendant of John Cadbury (the founder), publicly stating that Cadbury Plc is a â€Å"brand that is synonymous with Britain† and should the Kraft takeover succeed it will â€Å"become a commercial wasteland†. These are strong words and may dissuade people from buying the once popular Cadbury brand (Rohwedder, 2009; No Author, 2009). As a result of the negative publicity potential takeovers have received, Cadbury Plc will be forced to use a different marketing strategy should a takeover bid be accepted as some of the British authenticity that Cadbury Plc as a brand previously had will be lost in the takeover. Cadbury Plc must be prepared to face losses in the UK market as customers may choose not to buy Cadbury Plc brands due to the takeover and the potential loss of jobs at Cadbury Plc UK sites. However, if Cadbury Plc is able to launch a successful marketing strategy, then they may be able to limit the loss caused by a takeover. 3.4. International Export Dimension As a leading global confectionary company with an outstanding portfolio of chocolate, gum and candy brands, Cadbury Plc employ approximately 45,000 people and has direct operations in over 60 countries, selling their products everywhere around the world The company operates its business through four different business segments namely Britain, Ireland, Middle East and Africa (BIMA), Americas, Europe and Asia Pacific. Britain and Ireland are the largest business unit in the group. The companys main markets in Middle East and Africa include South Africa, Namibia, Kenya, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Nigeria and Ghana. The companys American business comprises of the three largest confectionary markets in the world, US, Canada and Mexico. This also extends through Central America and the Caribbean and it also has operations in South American countries which include countries like Brazil, Argentina, Peru, etc. With a market share of almost 20%, the company is the leading player in South America. In Europe, the company operates in majority of Western Europe, Scandinavia, Turkey and Russia. The companys biggest European operating unit is in France. The Companys Asian businesses are concentrated in India, China, Malaysia and Thailand. In the Pacific regions, the companys operations are mainly located in Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Cadbury Plc has a leading position in Australia with an overall 30% market share. (Data Monitor Cadbury PLC, 2009) In each of the four different segments, marketing is very important element in promoting the product and is done different to each other due to the products being sold in those areas. For example, Perk is a Cadburys product which is sold in India. The product is aimed at the youth. Marketing for this product is done in a way so it appeals to the Indian community. This includes advertisements which are shown their national language, Hindi and is normally performed by high prolific people of India like actors and actresses of Bollywood (Indian Cinema). 3.5. SWOT Analysis Strengths The main strength of Cadbury Plc is that they have a very good reputation and have a widely recognised brand name which has led them to become the worlds number one confectionary company having bought Adams (the owner of chewing gum brands including Trident and Stride) in 2003. They have unrivalled strength and breadth of participation. It is the market leader in the global confectionery sector with a market share of 10.5%. Cadbury Plc has a diversified product base as the company offers chocolate, gums and candy products; the company is well diversified in terms of revenue generation from all its operating regions. Cadbury Plc should aim to balance the share of revenue from its operating regions to gain global dominance (See Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6). (Cadbury PLC- Our Strengths). This shows the market share of chocolate between Cadbury Plc and their rivals. Cadbury Plc is currently number one, with Mars/Wrigley a very close second. (Cadbury PLC- Purple bi, 2009) It is clear that the main source of Cadbury Plcs revenue comes from their chocolate and cocoa beverages. However, it is clearly profitable to the company that they have diversified into other markets. (Cadbury PLC- Creating brands people love, 2009) Weaknesses However, Cadbury Plc has a weak liquidity position. At the year ending December 31, 2008, Cadbury Plcs current assets were $2,635 million compared to the current liabilities of $3,388 million. This could negatively impact the operational efficiency and growth initiatives. Another weakness is the companys employee efficiency, i.e. the total revenue per employee. It is considerably lower than rival companies such as Hershey, and Chocolade Fabriken Lindt Sprungli (Lindt). The low revenues per employee indicate relatively lower employee productivity. This can be solved by offering incentives to employees, i.e. bonuses for high productivity. Opportunities Due to the increasing awareness of dark chocolate and its health benefits, there is a fast-growing market in many parts of the world; combined with ethical concerns, the demand for organic and fair-trade chocolate have increased. Cadbury Plc has numerous amounts of premium chocolate products across the world so an increase in the customer preference for premium products would increase sales. Cadbury Plc can also look to increase sales and their presence in the US confectionary market; it is already well positioned to capture the growing demand for the confectionary in the region. Recently, people are becoming more conscious about their health which consequently results in a drop in sales for Cadbury Plc dairy products. This is a growing concern for the company and an issue that must be addressed. Cadbury Plc could possibly invest in a low calorie snack range which could boost sales dramatically. Threats The rising cost of many of Cadbury Plcs raw materials (especially cocoa and peanuts) could cause a serious impact on the companys profitability. Prices are expected to continue rising in the near future for cocoa because the International Cocoa Organisation (ICCO) reduced its estimate by 0.1 million tons whilst the demand for cocoa is increasing. At present, Cadbury Plc imports its cocoa products directly from third party suppliers so perhaps investing in their own cocoa farm would be beneficial in the long run. The confectionary market is highly fragmented with increasing competition. Many large businesses have merged together to gain more market share intensifying competition. Therefore Cadbury Plc would be under pressure to change prices of products, reducing its margins. Rising labour costs will dramatically cut into Cadbury Plcs profit margin because a majority of their employees are from the US and Europe. Minimum wage has increased significantly in both the US and the UK. Cadbury Plc needs to attract and retain efficient employees in all segments of its business to become even more successful. (Data Monitor Cadbury PLC, 2009) Looking at the data collected from the questionnaires, it is apparent that Cadbury products are easily accessible to the public (shown in Figure 12) so Cadbury Plc should look to keep this up. However, a large number of people do not know that Trident and Halls are part of Cadbury Plc. Figure 11 shows that members of the public would be more willing to buy Trident and Halls product due to the fact that it is part of a well represented company. More than half of the general public thought that Cadbury products were well priced, with mainly students thinking that Cadbury Plc overprice their products. Cadbury Plc should look into the possibility of issuing discount cards to students as this may encourage them to buy more Cadbury products. Figure 4 and 6 shows the share of revenue between Cadbury products and their global sites respectively. It is clear that chocolate and cocoa beverages are their main source of finance. Cadbury Plc need to concentrate on areas such as Asia and the Middle East as the share of revenue is 6% and 7% respectively. Cadbury Plc could sell their sites in those regions and concentrate on Europe, North America, Britain and Ireland, as these areas generate a combined total of 66% of Cadbury Plcs share of revenue. Figure 7 (in the appendix) shows that Cadbury Plc has had the biggest share movements over the past year compared to their main rivals. This shows the share of revenue across the world. Britain and Ireland current generate the most revenue followed by North America and then Europe. (Cadbury PLC Creating brands people love, 2009) 4. Business philosophy Cadburys Schweppes adopted a Managing for Value philosophy in 1997. They are committed to using their assets to exploit growth opportunities and to drive value creation. The main goal of Cadbury Plc is to consistently produce major shareholder returns. They support this by two other commercial goals: to profitably and significantly increase the global confectionary share and to secure and to grow the regional beverages share. Cadbury Plc had a strategic review of Europe Beverages its partner company, the conclusion being in the best interest of the shareholders to investigate the sale of the Europe Beverages business. The board decided Europe Beverages did not have a high enough potential growth and returns. The board also realised that the money made from the sale could help reduce the companys debts therefore on the 1st September 2005, Cadbury Plc announced they were selling the Europe Beverages group. Cadbury Plc currently possesses nine Board Members consisting of two Executive Directors and seven Non-Executive Directors. The Board of Directors are responsible for the overall management and performance of the company, and the approval of the long-term objectives and commercial strategy. They also delegate day-to-day management to the Chief Executives Committee (CEC). The CEC reports to the Board and are accountable for the day-to-day management of the operations and implementation of strategy. Driving high level performance of growth, efficiency and capability programmes are The CECs responsibility to the Board. (Cadbury PLC- Our Management) Cadbury Plc also adopts a policy of democratic management. All members of staff are made to work together as a team for the good of the company. Decisions are reached amongst the various groups by first taking into account everyones inputs, ideas and suggestions. This style of management works for Cadbury Plc because the workers feel as though they have power in decision making and therefore are more free and able to make suggestions that they feel could just alter the business this motivates workers and makes them feel more engaged with the company. 5. Branding Cadbury Plc as an organisation has developed a strong image for the Cadbury corporate name to act as a shelter for all its product brands. Branding is the creation of a three-dimensional character for a product, defined in terms of name, packaging, colours, symbols etc. Tthat helps to differentiate it from its competitors and helps the customer to develop a relationship with the product. As a result Cadbury Plc products benefit from both the affection that consumers hold for the corporate name and from the individual character developed for its products such as Cadburys Flake, Cadburys Hot Chocolate and Cadburys Dairy Milk (Principles of Marketing). Aspiring competitors of Cadbury Plc aim to build a strong brand. For example supermarket own-label products are packaged and branded in similar fashion to Cadburys; this has posed a threat to Cadbury Plc as often the supermarket own-label products are cheaper than Cadbury Plc products and, in todays economic instability, this could lead to them becoming more popular and therefore lead to a reduction in sales for Cadbury Plc. There is also a possibility that Cadbury Plc could become complacent with their branding and not seek to improve on it which could therefore lead to consumers becoming bored with the product or maybe even consumers needs could change which could lead to Cadbury Plc falling behind in the market. For Cadbury Plc their brand name is well known, but due to the reasons stated above their name is not enough to ensure that they remain the main brand in the industry. To stay on top of the market Cadbury Plc should constantly research into their brand name and look to invest money into improving the brand image to keep up with todays changing times. To compete with the lower priced supermarket own-label brands, Cadbury Plc may have to reduce their prices. However the problem for Cadbury Plc is that if they reduce their prices then that could be associated with deterioration in quality. One way Cadbury Plc could lower their prices to compete with its competitors without damaging the brand is to offer discounts on bulk purchases for example a pack of 5 Bounty chocolate bars for  £1.25 which equates to 25p each whereas the single Bounty bar would be sold at 45p each. The consumer recognises that the lower price is due to bulk buying and does not associate it with the brand quality. 6. Strategic Choice Involves identifying the strategic options, evaluating and selecting strategic options. 6.1. Possible strategies to consider and current business issues Recent bid from Kraft Foods Inc and possible new bids from Hershey Co, Nestle SA and Ferrero SpA have made the situation Cadbury Plc is facing today exceptionally complex and adds multiple choices of possible takeovers and mergers to strategies generally needed to consider. Kraft taking over CadburyPlc An offer worth $17 billion and placed by Kraft would provide Cadbury Plc with consequent advantages and disadvantages. For instance, recently Kraft stated that the ‘takeover would increase scale in developing markets and create a company with about $50 billion in revenue [it] would achieve at least $625 million of cost savings annually by the end of the third year (Bloomberg), whereas conversely Lord Mandelson cautioned that Kraft would be facing ‘huge opposition from the local population and from the British government (Telegraph). Furthermore, this could lead to job cuts in Bourneville, therefore UK‘is likely to seek guarantees from Kraft on decision-making and employment (FT). Recently, Kraft Food Inc has now taken the takeover offer for Cadbury Plc straight to shareholders. Kraft offered a mixture of cash and shares for each Cadbury Plc share. This offer included 300 pence in cash and 0.2589 new Kraft shares for each Cadbury Plc share. Alternative take-overs/mergers from Hershey, Nestle and Ferrero Hershey, Nestle and Ferrero have made interest in acquiring Cadbury Plc. Accepting offers from any of the mentioned companies would be more advantageous than to accept Krafts bid, since these are more confectionary marked oriented and hence are concerned with similar issues Cadbury Plc is facing. For example, Hershey, the largest U.S. chocolate maker, has ‘about 14 percent of its $5.13 billionrevenueoutside its home market in 2008, whereas Cadbury Plc has 22 percent of sales coming from outsideNorth America (Bloomberg). This merge could lead to strongest and biggest global confectionary company. Nestle, the worlds biggest food company, could stand in and buy back the U.S. rights to Kit Kat and Rolo brands from Hershey, giving Hershey the power to fund a combination with Cadbury another option would be for Nestle to acquire Cadburys gum unit and then sell the chocolate division to Hershey orFerrero SpA (Bloomberg).Expand emerging markets (India, South America, Middle East, an d Africa) According to Todd Stitzer, CEO of Cadbury Plc; the company has the largest business of any of competitors in emerging markets that already contribute for more than a third of revenues. Cadbury Plc has already created strong foundations such as distribution systems and consumer relationships in these countries. For example, the company has experienced over 20% annual growth for the last three years in India (Creating Brands People Love, 2009). Expand developed markets (Europe, North America, Australia) Although these markets are considerably saturated, according to Cadbury Plc there still is much untapped potential (Creating Brands People Love, 2009). Expansion here is based on mostly new developed products and innovations in advertising. Concentrate more on luxury and natural products Since consumer awareness, such as healthy lifestyle, fair trade issues etc., is rising, more consumer attention is made on natural and luxury products. Recent takeover of Green and Blacks, The Natural Confectionery Co and Fair-trade certification proves the importance. New relevant takeovers could improve the share of the growing market. Invest more in development and innovations In order to expand, especially in the developed markets; science and development play great part. Making new products sometimes is the only way to expand in such regions, because of high market saturation. Move factories to countries with less expensive workforce Since factories are mostly based in western countries, high and rising wages play major role for small margin, therefore moving to countries with less expensive workforce could be beneficial (for instance, in Europe, moving from UK and France to Eastern European countries and the Baltic States, In Northern America, moving from USA to Mexico), however, there would be strong opposition from western governments and unions that happened during recent factory move from UK to Poland. (Daily Mail) 6.2. Future Business Environ